SOCIAL CONTROL AND THE MENACE OF VIOLENT EXTREMISM IN NIGERIA: IMPLICATIONS FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN NIGERIA
Abstract
Nigeria, as a country is currently confronted with myriads of security challenges that have rocked its very root and questioned the capacity of government to protect lives and property of citizens. These problems are orchestrated by the activities of violent extremists, terrorists, kidnappers, armed bandits and other violent elements. These problems traverse the breath and length of the country as if government security forces have gone on vacation. These have dire consequences on our nascent democracy and sustainable development as the image of the country has been smeared globally, and Nigeria ascribed as the third most risk nation to live. It is the responsibility of government to provide security and welfare for her citizens; however, this seems to be a herculean task for government at the moment because citizens live in fear, insecurity and threats of violence daily. This paper aimed at interrogating the relationship between social control and violent extremism and the implications for sustainable development in Nigeria. This paper utilized the frustration and aggression theory as framework for the analysis of the subject matter. Relying chiefly on secondary sources of data, the paper engages archival review of existing literature on violent extremism, and government’s efforts in combating the menace and probable reasons for its persistence. The paper recommends among others diverting youth’s energy and talent to meaningful sporting activities and entertainment through the establishment of competitive and rewarding events, protection of security accoutrements to avoid violence proliferation by civilian populace, and criminalization of open grazing and herdsmen criminal activities.
Keywords
Full Text:
PDFReferences
Abdulkabir, O. S. (2017). Causes and incisive solutions to the widespread of kidnapping in Nigeria current administration: Under Scholastic Scrutiny. Journal of Political Science and Public Affairs, 5(2), 2332-2340
Adegun, A. (2016). Herdsmen killed 808 people, destroyed 1,422 houses in Southern Kaduna - Catholic Church. Retrieved from: https://www.naij.com/1079963-herdsmen-killed-808- people-destroyed-1422-houses-southern-kaduna-catholic-ch.html
Adeoye, G., & Alagbe, J. (2016). B’ Haram, Fulani herdsmen kill over 3,000 under Buhari. Retrieved from: http://punchng.com/b-haram-fulani-herdsmen-kill-over-3000-under- buhari/
Adeoye, N. (2017). Land use conflict between farmers and herdsmen in parts of Kano, Yobe, and Borno States of Nigeria: Nomad’s view point. Ghana Journal of Geography, 5(1), 57-68
Adepegba, A., & Aluko, O. (2019). Soldiers killed three cops, freed kidnap kingpin-Police Retrieved from https://www.punchng.com/soldiers-killed-three-cops-freed-kidnap- kingpin-police/
Adetayo, O. (2018a). Buhari offers repentant Boko Haram members amnesty. Retrieved from https://punchng.com/breaking-buhari-offers-repentant-boko-haram-members-amnesty/
Adetayo, O. (2018). Foreigners employed to kill in Benue, others, DSS tells Buhari. Retrieved from https://punchng.com/breaking-foreigners-employed-to-kill-in-benue-others-dss- tells-buhari/
Agbiboa, D. E. (2013). Why Boko Haram exists: The relative deprivation perspective. African Conflict and Peace Building Review, 3(1), 144-157
Agbugah, E. (2015). Daukigate: Here is a breakdown of the alleged misappropriation of $2.1 BN by Dasuki and other. Retrieved from http://venturesafrica.com/dasukigate-here-is- a-breakdown-of-the-misappropriation-of-2-1-bn-meant-for-arms-deal-by-dasuki-and- others/
Alake, M. (2018). Here is why our country is ranked 5th on annual suicide list. Retrieved from https://www.pulse.ng/gist/nigerian-suicide-rate-here-is-why-our-country-is-ranked-5th- on-annual-suicide-list/nwwhr39
Amnesty International. (2018). Nigeria: Government failures fuel escalating conflict between farmers and herders as death toll nears 4,000 https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2018/12/nigeria-government-failures-fuel- escalating-conflict-between-farmers-and-herders-as-death-toll-nears-4000/
Asu, F. (2019). Foreign investment into Nigeria drops by 43% - UN report. Punch, Retrieved from https://punchng.com/foreign-investment-into-nigeria-drops-by-43-un-report/
Bukarti, B. (2019). Making peace with enemies: Nigeria’s reintegration of Boko Haram fighters. Retrieved from https://www.warontherock.com/category/commentary/making- peace-with-enemies-nigerias-reintegration-of-boko-haram-fighters.html
Campbell, J. (2018). Nigeria’s national kidnapping crisis is expanding. Retrieved from http://www.cfr.org/b;og/nigerias-national-kidnapping-crisis-is-expanding/
Channels Television (2019, June 23). Three killed, 20 kidnapped, and 500 cattle rustled as bandits raid villages in Zamfara/ Retrieved from https://www.channelstv.com/2019/06/23/three-killed-20-kidnapped-and-500-cattle- rustled-as-bandits-raid-villages-in-zamfara/
Charles, J. (2018). Soldiers on reprisal sacks LG headquarters in Benue, Kill one. Retrieved from https://punchng.com/soldiers-on-reprisal-sack-lg-headquarters-in-benue-kill-one/
Chinwokwu, E. C. (2013). Terrorism and the dilemmas of combating the menace in Nigeria. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 3(4), 262-272
Chinwokwu, E. C. (2017). Glamorization of Fulani herdsmen’s criminality and its implications on national security in Nigeria. Online Journal of Arts, Management and Social Sciences, 2(2), 29 - 51
Chinwokwu, E. C. (2019). Herdsmen terrorism and criminal justice in Nigeria: Implications for social order and development. International Journal of Management, Social Sciences, Peace and Conflict Studies, 2(1), 25-45
Croissant, A. (2005). Political violence, terrorism and transformation to democracy and market economy: Findings of the Bertelsmann transformation index. Strategic Insights, 6(12), 1- 20
Dada, P. A. (2018). Nigerian bishops link government inaction on violence to religion.
https://www.catholicnews.com/services/englishnews/2018/nigerian-bishops-link- government-inaction-on-violence-to-religion.cfm
Danjibo, N. D. (2009). Islamic fundamentalism and sectarian violence: The Maitatsine and Boko Haram crisies in Northern Nigeria. Peace and Conflict Paper Series, 1-21
David, L. (2008). Gender, education, extremism and security. Compare: A Journal of Comparative and International Education, 38(5), 611-625
Deflem, M. (2015). Deviance and social control. In M. Erick-Goode (Ed.), The Hand Book of Deviance (pp.30-44), Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell
Ebhomele, E. (2019). UK warns citizens against travelling to Delta, Borno, 19 other states. Retrieved from https://www.legit.ng/1244215-uk-warns-citizens-travelling-delta-borno- 19-states.html
Ewetan, O. L., & Urhie, E. (2014). Insecurity and socio-economic development in Nigeria. Journal of Sustainable Developmeny Studies, 5(1), 27-35
Felson, R. B. (2009). Violence, crime, and violent crime. International Journal of Conflict and Violence, 3(1), 23-39
Folarin, S. (2019). 25,794 killed in violent crisis during buhari’s first term-report. Retrieved
from http://www.punchng.com/25794-killed-in-violent-crisis-during-buharis-first- term- report.
Gadzama, A. A. (2018). Herdsmen attacks and implications for national security. Retrieved from https://www.denli.com.ng/herdsmen-attacks-and-implications-for-national-security/
Global Peace Index. (2019). Measuring peace in a complex world. Sydney: Institute for
Economic and Peace. Retrieved from http://visionofhumanity.org/app/uploads/2019/06/GPI-2019-web003.pdf
Hamby, S. (2017). On defining violence and why it matters. Psychology of Violence, 7(2), 167- 180
Herald, D. (2019). B’Haram commanders in DSS cell have access to phones, cable TV. Retrieved from https://desertherald.com/bharam-commanders-in-dss-cell-have-access-to- phones-cable-tv/
Institute for Economic and Peace (2018). Global terrorism index 2018: Measuring and understanding the impact of terrorism. Sydney, Australia: IEP
Keane, J. (2004). Violence and democracy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
Kola, O. (2019). Nigeria: Soldiers kill 3 police officers. Retrieved from https://www.aa.com.tr/en/africa/nigeria-soldiers-kill-3-police-officers/1552242
Kwaja, C. M. A. (200 9). Strategies for re-building state capacity to manage ethnic and religious conflict in Nigeria. The Journal of Pan African Studies, 3(3), 105-115
Lawal, N. (2019). Wadume: Kidnap kingpin testifies before army panel as more suspects arrested. Retrieved from https://www.legit.ng/1255855-wadume-kidnap-kingpin- testifies-army-panel-suspects-arrested.html
Mahr, K. (2019). Guns, religion and climate change intensify Nigeria’s deadly farmer-herder clashes Retrieved from https://www.latimes.com/world/africa/la-fg-nigeria-farmer- herder-violence-20190221-story.html/
Makinde, F. (2019). Nigerians groaning in the jaw of banditry, kidnapping, ethnic clashes after polls. Retrieved from from https://www.punchng.com/Nigerians-groaning-in-the-jaw-of- banditry-kidnapping-ethnic-clashes-after-polls/.
Michael, C. E., Chinwokwu, E. C. & Inyang, M. N. (2017). Residents vulnerability to criminal victimization in Lafia, Nasarawa State, Nigeria. Online Journal of Arts, Management and Social Sciences, 2(1), 127-139
National Bureau of Statistics. (2019). Statistical report on unemployment. Retrieved from http://nigeriastat.govng/elibrary/statistical-report-on-unemployment/
Njoku, E. T. (2017). Politics of conviviality: State-civil society relations within the context of counter-terrorism in Nigeria. VOLUNTAS: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organization, 1-23
Office of the National Security Adviser, (ONSA). (2014). The national counter-terrorism strategy. Abuja: Government Press
Ogundele, K. (2019). Buhari’s interview confirms failure in governance, says PDP. Retrieved from https://punchng.com/buharis-interview-confirms-failure-in-governance-says-pdp/
Ogundiya, I. S. (2009). Political corruption in Nigeria: Theoretical perspective and some explanations. The Anthropologist, 11(4), 281-292
Ojo, D. (2018). Buhari has no respect for rule of law – Afenifere. Retrieved from https://thenationonlineng.net/buhari-has-no-respect-for-rule-of-law-afenifere/
Olaifa, B. (2018, October 4). 157 Boko Haram ex-fighter re-radicalized. The Nation, p.6
Olokor, F., Akinkuotu, E., Adesomoju, A., Aluko, O., & Charles, J. (2018). Killings/arson: Soldiers attacked us, Benue LGA HQ insists. Retrieved from https://punchng.com/killingsarson-soldiers-attacked-us-benue-lg-hq-insists/
Olweus, D. (1999). Norway. In P. K. Smith., Y. Morita., J. Junger-Tas, D. Olweus., R. Catalona., & P. Slee (Eds.), The nature of school bullying: A cross-national perspective (pp.28-48), London: Routledge
Onyiriola, N. (2018). Herdsmen attack: We lost 21 of our villages – Adamawa youths cry to NASS, FG. Retrieved from http://www.naija.ng/1171569-herdssmen-attaack-we-lost-21- of-our-villages--adamawa-youths-cry-to-nass-fg/
Opeyemi, A. (2018). How we negotiated release of 105 Dapchi girls – Lawal Daura. Retrieved from https;//www.naija.ng/1159520-how-we-negotiated-release-of-105-dapchi-girls- lawal-daura/
Oyedepo, F. (2012, June 30). Towards the rescue of a nation on the brink of collapse for a new generation of the tinkers, The Nation, p. 7
Popoola, F. (2019). Foreign portfolio investors withdraw N1.87tn under Buhari. Retrieved from https://punchng.com/foreign-portfolio-investors-withdraw-n1-87tn-under-buhari/
Rufai, M. A. (2018). Cattle rustling and armed banditry along Nigeria-Niger borderlands. Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences, 23(4), 66-73
Sahara Reporters. (2019) Nigerian Air Force denies supplying weapons to Herdsmen in Enugu. Retrieved from http://saharareporters.com/2019/06/24/nigerian-air-force-denies- supplying-weapons-herdsmen-enugu
Sahara Reporters. (2018). Number of IDPs in Nigeria up by 4.5% in Jan 2018-NPC. Retrieved from http://www.sahara.com/number-of-idps-in-nigeria-up-by-4-5-%-in-jan-2018-npc/
Sahara Reporters. (2019a). Obasanjo queries Buhari: Why are Nigeria's three top leaders from the core North? Retrieved from http://www.saharareporters.com/2019/06/11/obasanjo-queries-buhari-why-are- nigerias-three-top-leaders-core-north?
Stanko, E. A. (2001). The day to count: Reflctions on a methodology to raise awareness about the impact of domestic violence in UK. Criminal Justice, 1(2), 215-226
The Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria (1999).1999 constitution of the federal republic of Nigeria: With amendments 2011. Abuja: Government Press
The Nation. (2019, January 26). Herdsmen attacks: 483,699 IDPs in camp. The Nation, p.1
Nations Human and Civil Rights (UNHCR). (2017). Nigeria situation 2017. Retrieved from http://www.unhcr.org/59704b87/nigeria-situation.2017.pdf
Vanguard. (2018, June 29). TY Danjuma hails de-radicalization of 260 ex-Boko Haram combatants. Retrieved from http://www.vanguardngr,com/2018/06/pcni-ty-danjuma- hails-de-radicalization-of-260-ex-boko-haram-combatants/
Vijaya, R. M., Wilent, A., Cathcart, & Fiorellini. (2018). Economic underpinning of violent extremism; A cross country exploration of repeated survey data. World Development, 19(C), 401-412 Doi:10.1016/j.worlddev.2018.05.009
Wale, Y. (2017). Nigeria: Sustainable development goals (SDGs) indicators baseline report.
Abuja: Government of the Federal Republic of Nigeria
Refbacks
- There are currently no refbacks.
Copyright (c) 2019 C. Chinwokwu Eke (PhD), Sunday S. Adaka (PhD)
ISSN (PRINT): 2734 - 2522
ISSN (ONLINE): 2734 - 2514
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.